A Wideband Non-Stationary 3D GBSM for HAP-MIMO Communication Systems at Millimeter-Wave Bands

The tunica muscularis of mammalian esophagi is composed of striated muscle and smooth muscle. Contraction of the esophageal striated muscle portion is mainly controlled by cholinergic neurons. On the other hand, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are controlled not only by cholinergic components but also by non-cholinergic components in the esophagus. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to regulate smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract via purinergic receptors. However, the precise mechanism of purinergic regulation in the esophagus is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the effects of ATP on the mechanical responses of the esophageal muscle in mice. An isolated segment of the mouse esophagus was placed in a Magnus’s tube and longitudinal mechanical responses were recorded. Exogenous application of ATP induced contractile responses in the esophageal preparations. Tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels in neurons and striated muscle, did not affect the ATP-induced contraction. The ATP-evoked contraction was blocked by pretreatment with suramin, a purinergic receptor antagonist. RT-PCR revealed the expression of mRNA of purinergic receptor genes in the mouse esophageal tissue. The findings suggest that purinergic signaling might regulate the motor activity of mouse esophageal smooth muscle.