Optimisation of Advanced Nutrient Solutions for Escalating Crop Production under Hydroponic Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Hydroponic farming has the potential to be a viable solution to problems related to conventional agriculture, such as deteriorated soil and limited water supply. Hydroponic farming may significantly increase crop yields while preserving the resources by cultivating various plants in a soilless medium using a precisely calculated nutrient solution. This review examined the functions of nutrient solutions which are being used under hydroponic farming, emphasizing the formulations, preparation and utilization of these solutions for growing crops. A crucial part of hydroponic systems is the nutrient solution which offers the plants both the macro and micronutrients as they are required for plant growth and development. Nutrient management in hydroponics is critical for making the optimum use of crop nutrients while minimizing the environmental impact. Total dissolved solids, pH and electrical conductivity are the three most important components in nutrient management in soilless cultivation. Nutrient availability is influenced by pH, however, pH of 5.8-6.5 is considered as the best range for hydroponic-based productions. The optimal range for electrical conductivity (EC) is 1.5 to 2.5 dS/m. The optimal range for total dissolved solids (TDS) for successful hydroponics growing ranges from 800–1500 ppm. For avoiding the toxicities or nutritional-based deficiencies, any fluctuations in pH, EC and TDS can lead to yield retardation, and therefore, these parameters should be monitored on a daily basis for successful hydroponics goal. Hence, the review paper emphasizes on different fertilizer dosage calculations for hydroponic systems. Although different crops require different amounts of nutrients, so it become essential to analyse, modify and apply the right nutrients dose at right crop stage. Ultimately, the review provides better insights and understanding of different nutrient formulations opted for hydroponically based crops such as leafy vegetables and herbs. In a hydroponic environment, these formulations are produced to fulfil the nutritional demand for ensuring healthy development and boosting yields.